WILD LIFE in the NORTH HILLS
Flora and Fauna of Claremont Canyon, Oakland, California
WILD PLANTS OF CLAREMONT CANYON
Kay's Master List with Links to Photos*
This list names more than 375 plant species reported growing wild in the Claremont Canyon watershed. The list is
compiled from several sources, primary among them the EBRPD list of plants in the Claremont Canyon Regional
Preserve. Species names have been updated to follow The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California, 2nd edition,
2012. (The name shown in the 1993 edition of the Jepson Manual is identified as JM93:..) Species whose occurrence
in Claremont Canyon has been documented with a photo are shown with a link to the picture. I have chosen to present
this list sorted by scientific name only. Wild plants frequently have several accepted common names, one or two of
which are included below. I make no claim to have shown the most authoritative or most popular common name!
*The links will take the viewer to one photo. In the photo album use the right and left arrows to see additional pictures of the same species.
KEY: Fm=plant growth form (Fern, Grass, Herbaceous, Woody); i/n=introduced or native.
Fm i/n SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME
W i Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle
W i Acacia melanotoxin Blackwood Acacia
W i Acacia sp. Acacia
H n Acaena pinnatifida var. californica California Acaena
W n Acer macrophyllum Bigleaf Maple
W n Acer negundo var. californicum Box Elder
H n Achillea millefolium Yarrow
H n Acmispon glaber (JM93: Lotus scoparius) Deerweed
H - Acmispon sp. (JM93: Lotus sp.) Lotus
H n Acmispon wrangelianus (JM93: Lotus wrangelianus) California Lotus
H n Actaea rubra Baneberry
F n Adiantum jordanii California Maidenhair Fern
W n Aesculus californica California Buckeye
W i Ageratina adenophora Sticky Snakeroot
H n Agoseris grandiflora var. grandiflora (JM93: no var.) Large-flower Native Dandelion
G n Agrostis pallens Bent Grass, Dune
G i Aira caryophyllea Silver European Hair Grass
H i Allium triquetrum White flowered Onion, three cornered leek
W n Alnus rubraRed Alder
W n Alnus sp. Alder
H i Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel
H i Anagallis monelli Flaxleaf Pimpernel
H i Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting
H n Angelica californica California Wood Angelica
H i Anthemis cotula Dog Fennel Mayweed
H i Anthriscus caucalis Bur-chervil
H n Aphanes occidentalis Lady's Mantle
H n Apiastrum angustifolium Wild Celery
H n Aquilegia formosa Red/Crimson Columbine
H n Aralia californica Elk-clover
W n Arbutus menziesii Pacific Madrone
W n Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. glandulosa Eastwood Manzanita
H i Argyranthemum foeniculaceum Dill Daisy
H n Arnica discoidea Rayless Coast Arnica
W n Artemisia californica California Sagebrush
H n Artemisia douglasiana California Mugwort
F n Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosorum Western Lady Fern
G i Avena barbata Oat, Slender Wild
G i Avena fatua Oat, Wild
W n Baccharis pilularis ssp. Consanguinea Coyote Bush
W n Baccharis salicifolia (JM93: B. viminea or glutinosa) Mulefat
H i Barbarea orthoceras Winter Cress
H i Bellardia trixago Bellardia, Mediterranean Lineseed
W n Berberia pinnata ssp. pinnata California Barberry
G i Brachypodium distachyon Purple False-brome
H i Brassica nigra Black Mustard
H i Brassica rapa Yellow Field Mustard
G i Briza maxima Big Quaking Grass
G n Bromus carinatus var. carinatus California Brome
G i Bromus diandrus Ripgut Brome
G i Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome
G i Bromus madritensis ssp. madritensis Spanish Brome
G i Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens Red Foxtail Brome
H i Calendula arvensis Field Marigold
H n Calochortus umbellatus Oakland Star-Tulip
H n Calystegia occidentalis ssp. occidentalis Morning Glory
H n Calystegia purpurata ssp. purpurata Climbing Morning Glory
H - Calystegia sp. Morning Glory
H n Calystegia subacaulis ssp. subacaulis Shortstem Morning Glory
H i Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's Purse
H n Cardamine californica Milkmaids
H n Cardamine oligosperma Western Bitter Cress
H i Carduus pycnocephalus Italian Thistle
G n Carex barbarae Santa Barbara Sedge
G n Carex sp. Sedges
H n Castilleja (sp) Indian Paintbrush
H n Castilleja affinis ssp. affinis Indian Paintbrush
H n Castilleja foliolosa Woolly Paintbrush
H n Castilleja subinclusa ssp. franciscana Franciscan Paintbrush
W n Ceanothus California lilac
W n Ceanothus oliganthus var. sorediatus (JM93: C. sorediatus) Jimbrush
W n Ceanothus thrysifolius California lilac or blue blossom/brush
H i Centaurea melitensis Tocalote
H i Centaurea solstitialis Yellow Star Thistle
H i Chasmanthe floribunda African Cornflag
H i Cerastium glomeratum Mouse-ear Chickweed
W n Cercocarpus betuloides var. betuloides Birch-leaf Mt. Mahogany
H n Chlorogalum pomeridianum var. pomeridianum Common Soap Plant
H i Cichorium intybus Chicory
H n Cirsium brevistylum Indian Thistle
H i Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle
H n Clarkia purpurea Purple/Winecup Clarkia
H i Clarkia rubicunda Farewell to Spring, Ruby Chalice Clarkia
H - Claytonia parviflora ssp. ? Miner's lettuce
H n Claytonia parviflora ssp. utahensis (JM93: ssp. Parviflora) Small-flower Claytonia
H n Claytonia perfoliata ssp. ? Miner's Lettuce / Indian Lettuce
H n Claytonia perfoliata ssp. mexicana Angle-leaf Miner's Lettuce
H n Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata Common Miner's Lettuce
W n Clematis lasiantha Pipestems
W n Clematis ligustifolia Virgin's Bower
H n Clinopodium douglasii (JM93: Satureja douglasi) Yerba Buena
H i Conium maculatum Poison Hemlock
H i Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed
H n Corallorhiza maculata Spotted Coralroot
W n Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis Western Creek Dogwood
W n Cornus sericea ssp. sericea American Dogwood
G i Cortaderia jubata Hairy Pampas Grass
W n Corylus cornuta var. californica California Hazelnut
W i Cotoneaster lacteus (JM93: C. pannosa) Silverleaf Cotoneaster
W i Crataegus sp. Hawthorn
H i Crepis vesicaria ssp. taraxifolia Rough Hawksbeard
H n Cynoglossum grande Large Hound's Tongue
G i Cynosurus echinatus Dogtail/Hedgehog Grass
G n Cyperus eragrostis Tall Nutsedge
G i Dactylis glomerata Orchard Grass
H n Daucus pusillus Rattlesnake Weed
H i Delairea odorata Cape/German Ivy
H n Delphinium decorum ssp. decorum Coast Larkspur
G n Deschampsia elongata Slender Hairgrass
H n Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum Blue Dicks
H n Dichelostemma congestum Ookow
W n Diplacus aurantiacus (formerly Mimulus aurantiacus) Bush/Sticky Monkey Flower
H i Dipsacus sativus Wild Teasel
W n Dirca occidentalis Western Leatherwood
H i Dittrichia graveolens Stinkwort
H n Dodecatheon hendersonii Shooting Star, Mosquitobills
H i Dracunculus vulgaris Black Arum / Stink Lily, et.al.
H n Drymocallis glandulosa ssp. glandulosa (JM93: Potentilla glandulosa ssp. glandulosa) Sticky Cinquefoil
F n Dryopteris arguta Coastal/California Wood Fern
H i Duchesnea indica Mock Strawberry
W i Echium candicans Pride of Madeira
G i Ehrharta erecta Stebbins Grass/Panic Veldt Grass
G n Elymus glaucus ssp. glaucus Blue Wild Rye
G n Elymus multisetus Big Squirreltail
H n Epilobium brachycarpum Panicled/Weedy Willowherb
H n Epilobium canum ssp. canum California Fuchsia
H n Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum Willowherb / Fireweed
H i Epipactis helleborine Helleborine / Broadleaf Helleborine
F n Equisetum arvense Common Horsetail
F n Equisetum telmateia ssp. braunii Giant Horsetail
H n Erigeron canadensis (JM93: Conyza sp.)
H n Erigeron foliosus var. franciscensis Francis Leafy Daisy
H - Erigeron sp. (JM93: Conzya sp.)
H n Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum California Buckwheat
H n Eriogonum giganteum var. giganteum St. Catherine's Lace
H n Eriogonum nudum var. auriculatum Eared Buckwheat
H n Eriogonum sp. Buckwheat
W n Eriophyllum confertiflorum var. confertiflorum Golden Yarrow
H i Erodium botrys Long-beaked Filaree
H i Erodium brachycarpum Southern European Filaree
H i Erodium cicutarium Red-stem Filaree
H i Erodium moschatum White-stem Filaree
H n Erysimum capitatum ssp. capitatum Western/Foothill Wallflower
H n Eschscholzia californica California Poppy
W i Eucalyptus camaldulensis Red Gum
W i Eucalyptus globulus Blue Gum
W i Eucalyptus sp. Gum
H i Euphorbia oblongata Golden Spurge
H i Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge
H n Eurybia radulina (JM93: Aster radulinus) Broadleaf Aster
G i Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue
G i Festuca bromoides (JM93:Vulpia bromoides) Six-weeks Fescue
G n Festuca californica California Fescue
G n Festuca idahoensis Idaho Fescue
G n Festuca microstachys (JM93: Vulpia microstachys) Rattail Fescue
G n Festuca myuros (JM93: Vulpia myuros var. myuros) Rattail Fescue
G i Festuca perennis (JM93: Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne) Italian Rye Grass
G n Festuca rubra Red Fescue
G - Festuca sp. (JM93: Vulpia sp.) Annual Fescue
H i Foeniculum vulgare Sweet Fennel
H n Fragaria vesca Wild/Wood Strawberry
W n Frangula californica ssp. californica (JM93: Rhamnus californica ssp. californica ) California Coffeeberry
W n Fraxinus dipetala California Ash
W n Fraxinus latifolia Oregon Ash
H i Fumaria capreolata White Ramping Fumitory
H n Galium aparine Goosegrass/Cleavers Bedstraw
H n Galium porrigens var. porrigens Climbing Bedstraw
G i Gastridium pheloides (JM93: G. ventricosum) Nit Grass
W i Genista monspessulana French Broom
H n Geranium carolinianum Carolina Geranium
H i Geranium dissectum Purpletip Cut-leaf Geranium
H i Geranium molle Hairy Dove's Foot Geranium
H i Geranium palmatum Canary Island Geranium
H i Geranium robertianum Robert Geranium / Herb Robert
H i Geranium sp. Geranium
H n Gilia achilleifolia ssp. achilleifolia California Blue Gilia
H n Grindelia camporum (JM93: var. camporum) Great Valley Gumplant
H n Grindelia hirsutula (JM93: var. hirsutula) Hairy Gumplant
H i Hedera helix English Ivy
H n Helenium puberulum Rosilla or Sneezeweed
H n Helianthus annuus Sunflower
H i Helminthotheca echiodes (JM93: Picris echioides) Bristly Ox-tongue
H n Heracleum maximum (JM93: H. lanatum) Cow Parsnip
W i Hesperocyparis macrocarpa (JM93: Cupressus macrocarpa) Monterey Cypress
W n Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon
H n Heterotheca sessiliflora ssp. bolanderi Hairy Golden Aster
H n Heterotheca sessiliflora ssp. echioides Bristly Golden Aster
H n Heuchera micrantha Small-flower Alumroot / Coral Bells
H i Hirschfeldia incana Shortpod Mustard
H n Hoita orbicularis Round-leaf Hoita
G i Holcus lanatus Velvet Grass
W n Holodiscus discolor Creambush / Ocean Spray
G n Hordeum brachyantherum Meadow Barley
G i Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum Mediterranean Barley
G i Hordeum murinum sp. Foxtail
G i Hordeum murinum ssp. murinum Sessile-spikelet Barley
G i Hordeum murinum ssp.leporinum Hare Barley
H n Horkelia californica var. californica Fewlobed Calif. Horkelia
H i Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's-ear
H i Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's-ear
H i Hypochaeris sp. Cat's ear
W i Ilex aquifolium English Holly
H n Iris douglasiana Douglas Iris
H n Iris sp. Iris
G n Juncus patens Spreading/Common/Blue Rush
G n Juncus xiphioides Iris-leaved Rush
G n Koeleria macrantha June Grass
H i Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce
H i Lactuca virosa Tall Wild Lettuce
H Lathyrus sp. Pea
H i Lathyrus tingitanus Tangier Pea
H n Lathyrus vestitus var. vestitus Pale Purple Pacific Pea
H i Lepidium didymum Wart Cress
H i Lepidium strictum Prostrate Peppergrass
H n Ligusticum apiifolium Lovage; Celery-leafed Licorice Root
H i Linum bienne Narrow-leaf Flax
H n Lithophragma affine Woodland Star
H n Lithophragma heterophyllum Hillside Woodland Star
H i Logfia gallica (JM93: Filago gallica) Fluffweed
H n Lomatium sp. Biscuit Root
H n Lomatium utriculatum Bladder Parsnip
W n Lonicera hispidula (JM93: var. vacillans) Hairy Vine Honeysuckle
W n Lonicera involucrata var. ledebourii Twinberry
H n Lonicera sp. Honeysuckle
H i Lotus corniculatus Bird's-foot Deerweed
H i Lunaria annua Honesty or Moonwort
W n Lupinus albifrons var. ? Blue Bush / Silver Lupine
W n Lupinus albifrons var. albifrons Blue Bush / Silver Lupine
W n Lupinus albifrons var. collinus Bay Area Silver Lupine
H n Lupinus bicolor Miniature Dove Lupine
H n Lupinus formosus var. formosus Summer/Woodland Lupine
H n Lupinus sp. Lupine
H n Lupinus succulentus Arroyo Lupine
H n Lupinus variicolor Varied Lupine
G n Luzula comosa var. comosa Common Woodrush
H n Madia elegans Common Madia
H n Madia gracilis Slender/Graceful Tarweed
H n Madia or Anisocarpus sp. Tarweed
H n Madia sativa Coast Tarweed
H n Maianthemum racemosum (JM93: Smilacina racemosa) False Solomon's Seal or Fat Solomon
H n Maianthemum stellatum (JM93: Smilacina stellata) Starry Solomon's Seal
H n Malacothrix floccifera Woolly/Flocked Dandelion
H i Malva nicaeensis Bull Mallow
H I Malva pseudolavatera (JM93: Lavatera cretica) Cretan Mallow
H i Malva sp. Mallow
H n Marah fabacea (JM93: M. fabaceus) Common/California Manroot
H n Marah oregana (?) Coast Manroot
H i Marrubium vulgare Common Horehound
H n Matricaria discoidea (JM93: Chamomilla suaveolens) Pineapple Weed
W i Maytenus boaria Mayten
H i Medicago polymorpha California Bur Clover
G n Melica californica California Melic Grass
G n Melica imperfecta Coast Range Melic Grass
G n Melica torreyana Torrey Melic Grass
H i Melilotus indicus Sour Clover
H i Melissa officinalis Lemon Balm
H n Micranthes californica (JM93: Saxifraga californica) California Saxifrage
W n Mimulus aurantiacus, see Diplacus aurantiacus Bush/Sticky Monkey Flower
H n Mimulus guttatus Seep/Common/Yellow Monkey Flower
H n Monardella villosa ssp. villosa Common Coyotemint
H i Myosotis latifolia Forget-me-not
H n Nasturtium officinale Watercress
H n Navarretia squarrosa Skunk Weed
H n Nemophila menziesii var. menziesii Baby Blue-eyes
H n Nemophila parviflora var. parviflora Small-flower Nemophila
W n Oemleria cerasiformis Oso Berry
H n Osmorhiza berteroi (JM93: O. chilensis) Mountain Sweet Cicely
H n Osmorhiza brachypoda California Cicely
H i Oxalis articulata ssp. rubra Window-box Wood Sorrel
H i Oxalis incarnata Crimson Wood Sorrel
H n Oxalis oregana Redwood Sorrel
H i Oxalis pes-caprae Bermuda Buttercup
H n Papaver heterophyllum (JM93: Stylomecon heterophylla) Wind Poppy
F n Pentagramma triangularis ssp. triangularis Goldenback Fern
H n Perideridia kelloggii Kellogg Yampah
H n Phacelia californica California / Rock Phacelia
H n Phacelia imbricata ssp. imbricata Phacelia
H n Phacelia nemoralis ssp. nemoralis Bristly Phacelia
H n Phacelia sp Phacelia/Caterpillar Flower
G i Phalaris aquatica Harding Grass
G i Phalaris canariensis Canary Grass
G i Phalaris paradoxa Hooded Canary Grass
G i Phleum pratense Cultivated Timothy
W i Pinus radiata Monterey Pine
H n Piperia elegans ssp. elegans Elegant Rein Orchid
W i Pittosporum undulatum Victorian Box
H n Plantago erecta California Dwarf Plantain
H i Plantago lanceolata English Plantain
G i Poa annua Annual Blue Grass
G n Poa howellii Howell Blue Grass
G i Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis Kentucky Bluegrass
G n Poa secunda ssp. secunda One-side Blue Grass
H n Polygonium aviculare ssp. depressum (JM93: Polygonum arenastrum) Common Yard Knotweed
F n Polypodium calirhiza Polypody Fern
F n Polystichum munitum Western Sword Fern
W i Populus alba White Poplar
H n Prosartes hookeri (JM93: Disporum hookeri) Hooker Fairy Bells
W i Prunus cerasifera Feral plum
W n Prunus sp. Cherry/Plum/Apricot
W n Prunus virginiana var. demissa Western Chokecherry
H n Pseudognaphalium californicum (JM93: Gnaphalium californicum) California Everlasting
H i Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (JM93: Gnaphalium luteo-album) Common Cudweed /Fragrant Everlasting
H n Pseudognaphalium ramosissimum Pink Everlasting
H n Psilocarphus oreganus Oregon Woolly Heads
H n Psilocarphus tenellus Slender Woolly Heads
F n Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Bracken Fern
H n Pterostegia drymarioides Pink Creeper
W n Quercus agrifolia var. agrifolia Coast Live Oak
W n Quercus chasei Coast Live x Black hybrid Oak
W n Quercus lobata Valley Oak
W n Quercus morehus Oracle Oak
W n Quercus wislizcnii Interior Live Oak
H n Ranunculus californicus California Buttercup
H i Raphanus sativus Wild Radish
W n Ribes amarum Bitter Gooseberry
W n Ribes californicum var. californicum Hillside Gooseberry
W n Ribes divariacatum var. pubiflorum Straggly Gooseberry
W n Ribes menziesii Canyon Gooseberry
W n Ribes sanguinem var. glutinosum Pink/Red Flowering Currant
W n Ribes sp. Gooseberry
W n Ribes speciosum Fuschia-flowered Gooseberry
W n Rosa californica California Wild Rose
W n Rosa gymnocarpa Wood Rose
W n Rosa sp. Rose
W n Rosa spithamea Ground Rose
W i Rubus armeniacus (JM93: Rubus discolor) Himalayan Blackberry
W n Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry
W n Rubus ursinus Native California Blackberry
H i Rumex acetosella Sheep Sorrel
H i Rumex crispus Curly Dock
H I Rumex obtusifolius Bitter Dock
H i Rumex pulcher Fiddle Dock
H n Sagittaria latifolia Arrowhead / Wapato
W n Salix laevigata Red Willow
W n Salix lasiolepis Arroyo Willow
W - Salix sp. Willow
W n Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (JM93: S. mexicana) Blue Elderberry
W n Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa Red Elderberry
H n Sanicula arctopoides Footsteps-of-spring
H n Sanicula bipinnatifida Purple Sanicle
H n Sanicula crassicaulis Pacific Woodland Sanicle / Snakeroot
H i Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion Plant
H i Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd's Needle
H n Scrophularia californica California Figwort / Beeplant
H i Senecio vulgaris Common Groundsel
W n Sequoia sempervirens Coast Redwood
H n Sidalcea malviflora ssp. laciniata Common Checkerbloom
H n Sidalcea malviflora ssp. malvaeflora Common Checkerbloom
H i Silene gallica Windmill Pink
H i Silybum marianum Milk Thistle
H i Sinapis arvensis Yellow Charlock
H i Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard
H n Sisyrinchium bellum Blue-eyed Grass
H n Solanum americanum Small-flower Nightshade
H i Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade
H i Solanum rostratum Buffalo Berry
W n Solanum umbelliferum Blue Witch
H n Solidago sp. Goldenrod
H n Solidago velutina ssp. california (JM93: S. californica) California Goldenrod
H i Soliva sessilis Common Soliva
H i Sonchus asper ssp. asper Prickly Sow Thistle
H i Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow Thistle
H I Sonchus sp. Bitter Lettuce
H i Spergularia rubra Ruby Sand Spurry
H n Stachys ajugoides var. rigida Common Rigid Hedge Nettle
H n Stachys rigida var. quercetorum Hedge nettle
H i Stellaria media Common Chickweed
H n Stephanomeria virgata ssp. pleurocarpa Tall Stephanomeria
G n Stipa lepida (JM93: Nassella lepida) Foothill Needle Grass
G n Stipa pulchra (JM93: Nassella pulchra) Purple Needle Grass
H n Streptanthus glandulosus ssp. glandulosus Bristly Jewelflower
W n Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (JM93: S. rivularis) Bush / Common Snowberry
W n Symphoricarpos mollis Creeping Snowberry
H n Symphyotrichum chilensis (JM93: Aster chilense) Common / California / Wild / Pacific Aster
H i Taraxacum officinale Common Dandelion
H n Taraxia ovata (JM93: Camissonia ovata) Sun Cup
H n Tauschia hartwegii Tauschia, Hartweg
H n Thalictrum fenderli var. polycarpum Meadow Rue
H i Torilis arvensis Hedge Parsley
H i Torilis nodosa Hedge Parsley, Knotted
W n Toxicodendron diversilobum Poison Oak
H n Toxicoscordian fremontii (JM93: Zigadenus fremontii) Fremont Star Lily, Zigadene
H i Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify
H i Trifolium dubium Little Hop Clover
H i Trifolium glomeratum Clustered Clover
H i Trifolium hirtum Rose Clover
H i Trifolium pratense Red Clover
H i Trifolium repens White Clover
H Trifolium sp. Clover
H n Trifolium willdenovii Tomcat Clover
H n Trilluim sp. Trillium
H n Trillium chloropetalum Giant Trillium
H n Triteleia laxa Ithuriel's Spear
H I Tropaeoum majus Garden Nasturtium
G n Typha domingensis Southern Cattail
W n Umbellularia californica California Bay Laurel
H i Urospermum picroides False Hawkbit
H n Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea Hoary Nettle
H n Urtica urens Dwarf Nettle
W n Vaccinium ovatum Evergreen Huckleberry
H n Veronica americana American/Brooklime Speedwell
H i Veronica persica Bird's Eye Speedwell
H n Vicia americana ssp. americana American Vetch
H i Vicia disperma Two-seed Vetch
H n Vicia gigantea Giant Vetch
H i Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Narrowleaf Vetch
H i Vicia sativa ssp. sativa Spring Vetch
H - Vicia sp. Vetch
H i Vicia villosa ssp. varia Winter Vetch
H i Vinca major Greater Periwinkle
H n Viola glabella Stream Violet
F n Woodwardia fimbriata Chain Fern
H n Wyethia angustifolia Narrow-leaf Mule's Ear